翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ History of the San Fernando Valley ・ History of the San Francisco 49ers ・ History of the San Francisco Giants ・ History of the San Francisco Police Department ・ History of the Scheme programming language ・ History of the School of Advanced Military Studies ・ History of the Scotland national football team ・ History of the Scots Guards (1642–1804) ・ History of the Pakistani Americans in Houston ・ History of the Pakistani cricket team ・ History of the Palace of Versailles ・ History of the Palestinian people ・ History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania ・ History of the Panama Canal ・ History of the papacy ・ History of the papacy (1048–1257) ・ History of the Paralympic movement in Tasmania ・ History of the Parramatta Eels ・ History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria ・ History of the Patriot Act ・ History of the Peel Art Gallery, Museum and Archives ・ History of the Peloponnesian War ・ History of the Pennsylvania State University ・ History of the Penrith Panthers ・ History of the People's Liberation Army ・ History of the People's Republic of China ・ History of the People's Republic of China (1949–76) ・ History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89) ・ History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002) ・ History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of the papacy (1048–1257) ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of the papacy (1048–1257) The history of the papacy from 1048 to 1257 was marked by conflict between popes and the Holy Roman Emperor, most prominently the Investiture Controversy, a dispute over who—pope or emperor—could appoint bishops within the Empire. Henry IV's Walk to Canossa in 1077 to meet Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), although not dispositive within the context of the larger dispute, has become legendary. Although the emperor renounced any right to lay investiture in the Concordat of Worms (1122), the issue would flare up again. The Imperial crown once held by the Carolingian emperors was disputed between their fractured heirs and local overlords; none emerged victorious until Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor invaded Italy. Italy became a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire in 962, from which point emperors were Germanic. As emperors consolidated their position, northern Italian city-states would become divided by Guelphs and Ghibellines. Long-standing divisions between East and West also came to a head in the East-West Schism and the Crusades. The first seven Ecumenical Councils had been attended by both Western and Eastern prelates, but growing doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographic differences finally resulted in mutually denunciations and excommunications. Pope Urban II (1088–99) speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095 became the rallying cry of the First Crusade. Unlike the previous millennium, the process for papal selection became somewhat fixed during this period. Pope Nicholas II promulgated ''In Nomine Domini'' in 1059, which limited suffrage in papal elections to the College of Cardinals. The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period, laying the groundwork for the modern papal conclave. The driving force behind these reforms was Cardinal Hildebrand, who later became Gregory VII. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the papacy (1048–1257)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.